Significance and Control
A biofilm is a collection of organic and inorganic, living and dead material collected on a surface. It may be a complete film or, more commonly in water systems, small patches on pipe surfaces.

TH-601 Scale
This Scale is built with organophosphoric acid, polycarboxylic acid and carbon iron corrosion inhibitor.

Copper tubes have been used to distribute potable water within building for many years. It is well recognized that the chemistry of the water traveling through the pipes can influence the formation and propagation of pits.

Microbial and Non-microbial Corrosion of X60 Steel Exposed to Produced Water- Materials, Method, and Result
In the presentation of an experimental study on the microbial and non-microbial corrosion of X60 steel immersed in produced water, it is shown that the metal corrodes with or without microorganisms in the produced water.

Comparative Study of Microbial and Non-microbial Corrosion of X60 Steel Exposed to Produced Water

 The laboratory investigation involves X60 steel coupons immersed in two batch reactors 1 [contains produced water with 0.5ppm dissolved ozone added on weekly basis to eliminate the microorganisms naturally present in the water] and 2 [contains the same volume of produced water with 2g of artificial fertilizer (NPK 15-15-15) added on weekly basis as nutrient-supplement to promote growth of microorganisms in the produced water]. It is shown that the corrosion rate of X60 steel influenced by microorganisms in the produced water is about 94% greater than non-microbial corrosion of the metal. The corrosion induced chemical reaction in both reactors is firstorder, and microbial corrosion results in pinhole-size pits on the surfaces of the metal.

Auger electron appearance potential Spectroscopy AEAPS is one of several Appearance Potential Spectroscopies. In AEAPS, the onset of a new Auger electron emission channel is detected as the primary beam energy is increased. In fact it is not necessary to collect electrons from just the Auger peak, as the Auger electrons cause a secondary electron cascade which is far more intense.

Microbial Community in Black Rust Exposed to Hot Ridge Flank Crustal Fluids

During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301, a sample of black rust was obtained from a circulation obviation retrofit kit observatory at a borehole on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge.

Corrosion of steel and steel reinforced concrete structures are a common problem among bridges, docks and other saltwater structures. Every delay in taking effective action against concrete damage caused by the steel reinforcement corroding means irreversible damage to the substructure, and increased threat to public safety.

Corrosion control is a complex science. Corrosive water can be managed by installing pretreatment systems, installation of non-conductive unions, reducing hotwater temperature, and replacing copper piping with PVC or CPVC.

Aluminium and its alloys can be readily welded providing appropriate precautions are taken. The most likely imperfections in fusion welds are

• Porosity
• Cracking
• Poor weld bead profile

Some of the more complex alloys in low strength, can have mechanical properties equivalent to steels. The various types of aluminium alloy are identified and guidance is given on fabricating components without impairing corrosion and mechanical properties of the material or introducing imperfections into the weld.

• Material types
• Aluminium alloy types

The demand for weldable 13%Cr pipes with outside diameter such as 18", 20" and 24" has increased greatly. Considering such a requirement, Dalmine and NKK have developed a new production route for OD 20" pipes. Girth welded joints (GTAW) were produced. The mechanical properties of both base material and welded joints meet the target requirements.

Under a Coating of Molten NaCl-KCl-Na2SO4

Hot corrosion behavior of Ni-10mass%Cr alloys having several Mo content under a molten NaCl-KCl-Na2SO4 mixture in 75vol%O2-N2 atmosphere containing 0.1vol%HCl was examined by thermogravimetry, chemical analyses of scale formed on the alloys and electrochemical technique.

Corrosion damage in three types of concrete (C25, C45, and C55), resulting from HCl with various contents, was investigated by comparing the mechanical properties of different types of concrete and their corrosion damage.