Damage of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) corrosion
Ammonium salt, ammonium chloride corrosion is characterized by general or localized corrosion, often pitting corrosion, normally occurring under ammonium chloride or amine salt deposits, and also often in the absence of a free water phase.

Diffusion coatings is protected the high temperature corrosion of the components by increasing their oxidation or corrosion resistance in the chemical industry, power plants and the aerospace industry.

Metal dusting is a catastrophic corrosion, which occurrs at high temperatures (400-900°C) under strongly carburizing and reducing atmospheres such as those from coal gasification, coal liquefaction, petrochemical processes, in synthesis gas reactors and in ammonia (NH3) and methanol (CH3OH) production.

An increase in efficiency and a reduction in the CO2 emission of gas turbines can be achieved by increasing the inlet temperatures by means of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) of ceramic on nickel-base super alloys. For these materials systems there is an urgent need for a reliable life time assessment.

Intermetallic materials are titanium aluminides, silicides, etc.Titanium Aluminides are an interesting group of new light-weight materials (specific weight about 4.0 g/cm³) for applications as moving components at high temperature. The temperature range of these materials is limited to about 750°C because of their poor oxidation resistance.

Iron can be classified into two distinct categories: wrought iron and cast iron. Cast iron is known for quickly disintegrating if not kept in a wet environment after excavation from the sea. This Cast iron can be corroded by graphitization which leaves behind a metal core but has an outer shell of graphite that contains iron corrosion products.

Generally, in refinery distillation units, naphthenic acid corrosion and high temperature crude corrosivity is a reliability issue.

CONTACT-HANDLED TRANSURANIC (CH-TRU) AND REMOTE-HANDLED TRANSURANIC (RH-TRU) WASTES

The primary difference between CH-TRU and RH-TRU waste is that RH-TRU waste contains enough gamma-emitting isotopes with relatively short half-lives to produce a radiation dose rate greater than 200 mrem/hr at the external surface of the waste container. The CH-TRU and RH-TRU wastes considered in this study are consistent with the DOE Order 5820.2A definition of TRU waste.

All international designs of geological disposal facilities for radioactive wastes consider the use of several physical barriers, which together provide long-term containment of the wastes.

The Iron Pillar at Delhi
The iron pillar at Delhi has attracted the attention of archaeologists and corrosion technologists as it has withstood corrosion for the last 1600 years. The several theories have been proposed to explain its superior corrosion resistance which can be broadly classified into two categories: the environmental and the material theories.

Galls can be treated in different ways to make iron gall ink.

Iron Corrosion/Ferrous metal Corrosion
The most common metal, iron recovered from archaeological sites. Due to the variety of conditions and environments within which corrosion can occur, and the number and complexity of the corrosion products, iron presents the conservator with the most difficult problems of all the metals of antiquity. Iron and steel corrode easily in many media including most outdoor atmospheres. Usually they are selected not for their corrosion resistance but for such properties as strength, ease of fabrication, and cost. These differences show up in the rate of metal lost due to rusting.

The presence of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and free water can cause severe corrosion problems in oil and gas pipelines. Internal corrosion in wells and pipelines is influenced by temperature, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide content, water chemistry, flow velocity, oil or water wetting and composition and surface condition of the steel. A small change in one of these parameters can change the corrosion rate considerably, due to changes in the properties of the thin layer of corrosion products that accumulates on the steel surface.

Description of black powder’s physical and mechanical properties;
Summary and brief discussion of various black-powder management methods
Black powder occurs globally, and it is regenerative, forming inside natural gas pipelines as their internal walls corrode, and spurred by the reaction of iron in ferrous pipeline steel with condensed moisture containing oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. These chemicals are benign in dry sales gas but can become corrosive when dissolved in water.